Passive voice · Edilgen çatı

Edilgen yapıda özne eylemi yapan değil, eylemden etkilenendir. Etken cümlenin nesnesi edilgen cümlenin öznesi olur.

• The board held the conference in a big hall
• The conference was held in a big hall (by the board)

Three rules · Üç temel kural

1) Nesne özne olur. 2) Fiil hep V3 olur. 3) Be fiili zamanı gösterir: etken cümlenin zamanına göre çekimlenir.

Be + V3 by tense · Zamana göre be

• Present: am / is / are Lots of donations are made to the charity every month.
• Past: was / were Oppenheimer was watched by thousands of people.
• Perfect: have / has / had been The new software has been installed on all computers in the office.
• Continuous: to be + being A new dam is being built to meet the water needs of the local people.
• her satırda V3

Active → passive · 1/3 · Etkenden edilgene

• Present Simple · am / is / are + V3 The engineer designs buildings. → Buildings are designed by the engineer.
• Present Continuous · am / is / are + being + V3 The engineer is designing buildings. → Buildings are being designed by the engineer.
• Present Perfect · have / has + been + V3 The engineer has designed buildings. → Buildings have been designed by the engineer.
• Past Simple · was / were + V3 The engineer designed buildings. → Buildings were designed by the engineer.
• Past Continuous · was / were + being + V3 The engineer was designing buildings. → Buildings were being designed by the engineer.

Active → passive · 2/3 · Etkenden edilgene

• Past Perfect · had + been + V3 The engineer had designed buildings. → Buildings had been designed by the engineer.
• Future Simple (will) · will + be + V3 The engineer will design buildings. → Buildings will be designed by the engineer.
• Future (be going to) · be going to + be + V3 The engineer is going to design buildings. → Buildings are going to be designed by the engineer.
• Future Perfect · will + have + been + V3 The engineer will have designed buildings. → Buildings will have been designed by the engineer.
• Modals · modal + be + V3 The engineer should design buildings. → Buildings should be designed by the engineer.

Active → passive · 3/3 · Etkenden edilgene

• Perfect Modals · modal + have + been + V3 The engineer should have designed buildings. → Buildings should have been designed by the engineer.
• Present Perfect Continuous · X: edilgeni yok The engineer has been designing buildings.
• Past Perfect Continuous · X: edilgeni yok The engineer had been designing buildings.
• Future Continuous · X: edilgeni yok The engineer will be designing buildings.
• Future Perfect Continuous · X: edilgeni yok The engineer will have been designing buildings.

Why passive? · 1/2 · Neden edilgen?

• Kim yaptığı bilinmiyor · Eylemi kimin yaptığının bilinmediği durumlarda kullanılır. By someone, by somebody gibi ifadeler genellikle eklenmez. Several stray cats were adopted in our neighbourhood.
• Kim yaptığı önemsiz · Eylemi kimin yaptığının önem taşımadığı durumlarda kullanılır. Various techniques are being developed to prevent pollution.
• Geniş kitle yapıyor · Eylemi gerçekleştirenin geniş bir kitle veya toplumun tamamı olduğu durumlarda kullanılır. In Türkiye, Children's Day on April 23rd is celebrated with great enthusiasm.
• Eylem önemli · Eylemin önemli olduğu durumları vurgulamak için kullanılır. Geothermal energy has been used for cooking and heating for thousands of years.

Why passive? · 2/2 · Neden edilgen?

• Talimat / süreç · Talimatlar, işlem adımları veya süreçlerin anlatıldığı durumlarda kullanılabilir. The cheesecake is taken out of the oven and left on the counter to cool while you prepare the topping.
• Yapan belli değil · Eylemi gerçekleştirenin açıkça belli olmadığı durumlarda kullanılır. When the results were announced, the winner started to cry.
• Resmî duyuru · Resmî ve kurumsal duyuru yapılırken tercih edilir. Our city library, built by a charitable citizen, will be opened at the weekend.
• Bilimsel metin · Bilimsel metinlerde kullanılır. It's a known fact that human health is seriously affected by lack of sleep.

Intransitive verbs · Geçişsiz fiiller

Nesne almayan fiiller (geçişsiz fiiller) edilgen yapılmaz.

• The cows were lying in the shade of trees after grazing

Transitive use · Geçişli kullanım

Hem geçişli hem geçişsiz kullanılabilen bazı fiiller, nesne aldıklarında edilgen yapıya dönüştürülebilir.

• The staff open the shops earlier than the predetermined time
• The shops are opened earlier than the predetermined time

No passive · Edilgeni olmayan fiiller

Resemble, lack, consist, become, have, contain geçişli olmalarına rağmen edilgen yapıda kullanılmaz.

• Junk food contains too many harmful substances
• I resemble my father

It & there · It ve there

Eylemi yapanın önemli olmadığı durumlarda it ve there sıklıkla edilgen yapıda kullanılır.

• It was decided to carry out a new programme to recycle the waste
• There are thought to be too many supporters of the law regarding animals

Two objects · Çift nesne

Genellikle dolaylı nesne edilgen cümlenin öznesi olur. Dolaysız nesne özne olursa kişilerden önce çoğunlukla to kullanılır.

• The company sent the clients an updated version of the software last week
• The clients were sent an updated version of the software by the company last week

By & with · By ve with

Eylemi yapan önemliyse by ile belirtilir. Eylem bir nesne yoluyla gerçekleşiyorsa by yerine with kullanılır.

• Some of the most well-known structures of the Ottoman Empire were constructed by the great architect Mimar Sinan

Passive modals · Modal edilgen

• can / may / should / be supposed to / have to / need to / could + be + V3 Passengers should be informed that flights are likely to be delayed.
• would / could / should / must / might / was supposed to + have + been + V3 The treatment could have been arranged depending on the results of the test.