Pronouns · Zamirler

Zamir, ismin yerine geçer. Dönüşlü zamir: özne ve nesne aynı kişidir.

• He blamed himself for the unexpected accident.

Pronoun ladder · Zamir merdiveni

Özne → Nesne → Iyelik Sıfatı → Iyelik Zamiri → Dönüşlü I → me → my → mine → myself, you → you → your → yours → yourself, he → him → his → his → himself, she → her → her → hers → herself, it → it → its → x → itself, we → us → our → ours → ourselves, you → you → your → yours → yourselves, they → them → their → theirs → themselves

Subject: it / she / he · Özne zamiri

Ülke, taşıt, gemi: it veya she. Hayvan: cinsiyet bilinmiyorsa it; biliniyorsa he / she.

• With more than 760 miles of coastline in the Pacific and Caribbean, Costa Rica is made for beach lovers. She has a wide variety of opportunities for nature lovers, too.
• Despite riding my new horse only once, he can recognize me by my appearance or my voice.

Subject: it / they / we · Özne zamiri

Zaman, mesafe, hava: it. Kurum, hükümet, yetkililer: they. Genel anlamda insanlar: you ve we.

• It takes scientists a few hours to descend into the Canyon of Lydia, one of the numerous canyons and underwater mountains situated 130 miles away from Massachusetts.
• Since the environmental consequences of plastic waste are devastating, we need to take action against our reliance on plastic.

Trap: cleft sentences · Tuzak: it is me who

Vurgu için it is me who ... ve çoğul isimle it is children who ... yapıları kullanılır.

• It is me who took responsibility for the entire project, even when others were hesitant to step forward.

Object pronouns · Nesne zamirleri

Nesne yerine geçer; karşılaştırmalarda (as ... as you) kullanılır.

• When I finish my school exams, my friends call me to do activities with them.
• I haven't met anyone as positive as you.

It after feelings, after prepositions · It ve edat

Love, hate gibi fiillerden sonra it; edatlardan sonra nesne zamiri gelir.

• I love it when Uncle Bill and Auntie Jane laugh their heads off at my jokes.
• They planned a surprise party for him to celebrate his promotion.

find / make / think + it + adj · It + sıfat

find, make, think + it + sıfat. Of'tan sonra, özne konumunda bile olsa, nesne zamiri gelir.

• Regardless of what your profession is, I find it important to be commercial to participate and compete in the modern world.
• I was reading a book while my friend was playing computer games, so neither [of] us saw him leave.

Possessive adjectives · İyelik sıfatları

İyelik sıfatları sahiplik durumunu belirtmek için kullanılır.

• The staff had a reputation for not assisting customers very much, but I was impressed by their helpfulness.

own / on ... own · Kendi

Aitlik vurgusu: of + iyelik + own. Yardımsız yapma vurgusu: on + iyelik + own.

• However hard I work, I can't afford a house of my own.
• Lucy's optimistic attitude helped her overcome the problems on her own.

Possessive pronouns · İyelik zamirleri

İyelik zamiri bir ismin yerine geçer; özne de nesne de olabilir.

• Who is teaching English in the classroom next to yours?

some / many ... of mine · Of ile iyelik

Some, many, a, most, several gibi belirleyicilerden sonra of + iyelik zamiri gelir.

• Some friends of mine feel that the practice of cloning animals is unethical and should, therefore, be banned.

Possessive case: plurals · Çoğul ve s ile biten

Düzenli çoğul: sadece '. Düzensiz çoğul: 's. -s ile biten özel isim: 's veya '.

• I think my grandparents' teenage years were both the best and the most difficult years of their lives.
• Jones's / Jones' sister is broke because she spent all her money on a painting.

Possessive case: of or 's · Of mu, 's mi?

Cansız varlıklar için of; kurum, ülke, şehir için 's. Zaman ve süreç ifadelerinde de 's.

• Türkiye's borders are firmly protected by the Turkish army.
• This year's surveys show that water pollution poses a great threat to marine life.

Trap: joint or separate? · Tuzak: ortak mı, ayrı mı?

Ortak sahiplik: son isme 's. Ayrı sahiplik: her isme 's.

• Emir and Eymen's teacher always reminds them that assigning the homework on time is so important to him.
• Emir's and Eymen's teachers always remind them that assigning the homework on time is so important to them.

Reflexive pronouns · Dönüşlü zamirler

Özne ve nesne aynıysa dönüşlü zamir gelir. Vurgu için 'bizzat' anlamında da kullanılır.

• He blamed himself for the unexpected accident.
• We took the camera back to the shop and spoke to the manager himself to ask for a refund.

Reflexive: difficulty, after prepositions · Güçlük, edat

Eylemin güçlükle yapıldığını vurgular; edattan sonra da gelebilir.

• She couldn't wash herself very easily due to her broken arm.
• People worried about themselves all the time rather than their friends are called selfish.

Trap: behind it, by himself · Tuzak

Yer bildiren edattan sonra nesne zamiri gelir. By + dönüşlü zamir: yardımsız, tek başına.

• Scientific consensus has shown that the world is getting colder, and human beings are behind it.
• When we arrived at the campsite, my friend set up the tent by himself while I was doing some shopping.

Demonstratives · İşaret zamirleri

Yakın: this / these. Uzak: that / those. Özne ya da nesne olabilirler.

• All the sofas here are comfortable, but this is by far the best.
• Look at that! Is that the boy you had a row with on the bus yesterday?

Trap: those who, that of · Tuzak

Those = the people / the ones, relative clause alır. Tekil isim yerine that of, çoğul isim yerine those of.

• Those who want to come to the concert should get the tickets from the school music shop tomorrow.
• The garden of this café is more beautiful than that of the café we went to last week.